Nobel Awards Winners List 2020

What is Nobel Prize?

The Nobel Prize is considered one of the biggest awards in the world and this award is given to the best people of the world. The Nobel Prize began in the year 1901 and was named after Alfred Nobel. Alfred Nobel was a resident of Sweden. He invented dynamite. Nobel Prizes are given for outstanding work in the fields of physics, chemistry, medical science, literature and peace.

Brief History of the Nobel Prize:

The Nobel Prize is awarded every year by the Nobel Foundation in memory of Swedish scientist Alfred Bernad Nobel. The award was instituted on 27 November 1895 by Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel. Alfred Nobel invented dynamite. He had reserved a large part of his wealth in his will for the Nobel Foundation Trust, his wish that the interest of this money be awarded annually to those whose work is found to be most beneficial to mankind. Since then, the Nobel Foundation has given this prize every year for significant contributions in the fields of physiology or medicine, physics, chemistry, literature and peace, as well as economics, with the interest of the same amount deposited in a Swedish bank. Only living people can be awarded the Nobel Prize.

Amount to be received by Nobel Laureate:

Under the Nobel Prize, gold medals, diplomas and an amount of one crore Swedish kronor (about Rs 8.20 crore) are given. In 2018, around 90 lakh Swedish kronor (about Rs 7.25 crore) was provided in cash. And earlier this prize money was up to 80 lakh Swedish kronor (about 6.25 crore rupees), but last year this amount was increased. All winners will be honored with the prize in Sweden on 10 December, the death anniversary of Alfred Nobel.

Nobel Prize categories given in various fields for the year 2020:

Medicine Nobel Prize 2020:

On 5 October 2020, Americans Harvey J. Alter and Charles M. Rice and British scientist Michael Houghton were awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology for the discovery of hepatitis C virus. has announced.

Harvey J. Alter:

Harvey James Alter is an American medical researcher, virologist, and physician. Alter is chief of the Infectious Diseases Section and associate director for research in the Department of Transfusion Medicine at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). In the mid-1970s, Alter and his research team demonstrated that most post-transfusion hepatitis cases were not caused by the hepatitis A or hepatitis B virus.

Alter and Edward Tabor, a scientist at the US Food and Drug Administration, proved through transmission studies in chimpanzees that a new form of hepatitis, initially called "non-A, non-B hepatitis", and that that the causative agent was probably a virus. This work eventually led to the discovery of the hepatitis C virus in 1988, for which he shared the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine with Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice.

Michael Houghton:

Michael Houghton is a British scientist. He received his PhD from King's College London in 1977. and is currently the Canada Excellence Research Chair in Virology and the Li Cai Shing Professor of Virology at the University of Alberta, where he is also director of the Li Ka Shing Applied Virology Institute. In 1988, Alter and his research team discovered the hepatitis C virus together. Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice also co-discovered hepatitis D in 1986. In addition, Michael is a co-recipient of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology Medicine along with Harvey J. Alter and Charles M. Rice in the year 2020.

Charles M. Rice:

Charles M. Rice is an American virologist. He is currently Professor of Virology at Rockefeller University. Rice is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the National Academy of Sciences, and was president of the American Society for Virology from 2002 to 2003. With which Michael Houghton and Harvey J. Together with Alter, he was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the discovery of the hepatitis C virus". Charles received the 2016 Lasker-DeBecky Clinical Medical Research Award from the Ralph F. W Bertenschlager and Michael J met jointly with Sophia.

Physics Nobel Prize 2020:

Physics Nobel Prize 2020 was announced on 6 October 2020.

Roger Penrose:

Sir Roger Penrose is an English mathematical physicist, mathematician and philosopher of science. Currently, Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics, Emeritus at Oxford University. He has been awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery that the formation of black holes is a strong predictor of the general theory of relativity". According to the prize committee, it has been ensured that half of the prize money will be given to Penrose and half of the remaining half will go to Reinhardt and Andrea.

An advertisement issued by the Nobel Prize states that Roger Penrose used a simple and easy mathematical method in his proof that black holes are a direct result of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. But Einstein himself did not believe that black holes actually existed. But in January 1965, ten years after Einstein's death, Penrose proved that black holes could in fact form and described them in detail as having singularities that destroy all known laws of nature. His groundbreaking article is still considered the most important contribution to the general theory of relativity since Einstein.

Reinhard Genzel:

Reinhard Genzel is a German astronomer. He was born in 952 in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Germany. He earned his PhD (P.H.D) degree from the University of Bonn, Germany in 1978 and is currently working as Director at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching and Professor at the University of California, Berkeley, USA, Germany and Professor in Physics for the year 2020 The award was given to Reinhard Ganzes and Andrea Ghez in 2011 for their discovery of a supermassive compact object at the center of our galaxy.

Andrea Ghez:

Andrea Mia Ghez is an American astronomer. He was born on 16 June 1965 in New York City, United States of America. In the year 1992, he earned his PhD (Ph.D) degree from California Institute of Technology, United States of America. and is currently working as a Professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, USA. In 2004, Discover magazine listed Ghez as one of the top 20 scientists in the United States and in the year 2020 "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the center of our galaxy" by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2012, he has been awarded this award jointly with Reinhard Genzel. Andrea Mia Ghez is the fourth woman to win the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Using the world's largest telescopes, Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez developed ways to look across the giant clouds of interstellar gas and dust at the center of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Their work has given us the most convincing evidence yet of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way. David Haviland, chairman of the committee for the Nobel in Physics, said this year's winners' discoveries have touched new heights in the study of supermassive and compact objects. But there are still many questions, such as their internal structure and how we can test the theory of gravity around black holes.

Chemistry Nobel Prize 2020:

Chemistry Nobel Prize 2020 was announced on 7 October 2020.

Emmanuelle Charpentier:

Emmanuel Charpier is a French professor and researcher in microbiology, genetics and biochemistry. Emmanuel was born in 1968 in Juvicy-sur-Orge, France. And he did his Ph.D. in 1995 from the Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. Got the degree. and is currently working as Director of the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens in Berlin, Germany. He has been awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 'Developing Methods for Genome Editing'. In which Jennifer Doodna is also jointly involved. Last year, scientists who made lithium-ion batteries were awarded the Nobel Prize. Under the Nobel Prize, a gold medal, an amount of one crore Swedish krona (about Rs 8.20 crore) is given. These two women have developed a gene-editing technique known as CRISPR-Cas9 DNA "scissors". Using these, researchers can modify the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms with extremely high precision.

This technology has had a revolutionary impact on the life sciences, contributing to new cancer treatments and could make the dream of treating inherited diseases a reality. CRISPR gene editing is a genetic engineering technique in molecular biology by which the genome of living organisms can be modified. It is based on a simplified version of the bacterial CRISPR-Cas9 antiviral defense system. By delivering a Cas9 nucleus complexed with a synthetic guide RNA (gRNA) into a cell, the cell's genome can be truncated at a desired location, allowing existing genes to be removed and/or new ones added in vivo. could.

Jennifer A. Doudna (Jennifer A. Doudna):

Her full name is Jennifer Anne Doudna. This is an American biochemist, he was born in the year 1964 in America, D.C. took place in the city of Washington. PhD from Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA in the year 1989. Got the degree. and is currently working as Professor at the University of California, Berkeley, USA and Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He has been awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 'Developing Methods for Genome Editing'. In which Emmanuel Charpier is also jointly involved.

Literature Nobel Prize 2020:

The Literature Nobel Prize 2020 was announced on 8 October 2020.

Louise Gluck:

Louise Gluck has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for 2020 "for her unmatched poetic voice that beautifully universalises individual existence" (for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal). The full name of American poet Lewis Gluck is Lewis Elizabeth Gluck. She was born in 1943 in New York and currently lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In addition to her writing, Lewis is also a Professor of English at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. She made her debut in 1968 with Firstborn, and was soon acclaimed as one of the foremost poets in American contemporary literature.

He has received many prestigious awards, among them Pulitzer Prize (1993) and National Book Award (2014) etc. Louise Gluck not only deals with life's problems and circumstances of change, she is also a poet of radical change and rebirth. One of her most acclaimed collections, The Wild Iris (1992), for which she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize , he describes the miraculous return to life after winter in the poem "Snowdrops". Which is very emotional.

Peace Nobel Prize 2020:

The Peace Nobel Prize 2020 was announced on 9 October 2020. The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 2020 to the World Food Program (WFP). The World Food Program is the world's largest humanitarian organization that addresses hunger and promotes food security. In 2019, WFP provided assistance to nearly 100 million people in 88 countries who suffered from acute food insecurity and hunger. The World Food Program (WFP) is the food-aid arm of the United Nations and the world's largest humanitarian organization that addresses hunger and promotes food security. The WFP was established in 1961 following the 1960 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) conference, when George McGovern, director of the US Food for Peace Programs, proposed the establishment of a multilateral food assistance program.

The WFP began its first program in 1963 on a three-year experimental basis by the FAO and the United Nations General Assembly, supporting the Nubian population in Wadi Halfa, Sudan. Currently, according to the WFP, it provides food assistance to an average of 91.4 million people in 83 countries each year. From its headquarters in Rome and more than 80 country offices around the world, WFP works to help those who cannot produce or obtain enough food for themselves and their families. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and is part of its Executive Committee.

Economics Nobel Prize 2020:

The Economics Nobel Prize 2020 was announced on 12 October 2020. Paul R. Milgrom: Paul R. Milgrom was born in Detroit, USA in 1948, and earned a Ph.D. degree from Stanford University, USA in 1979. Simultaneously, Shirley and Leonard Alley Jr., currently working as Professor of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford University, USA. Paul R. Milgrom (Paul R. Milgrom) and Robert B. Wilson (Robert B. Wilson) "for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats." Jointly selected for the Nobel Prize in Economics for the year 2020.

The new auction formats are a beautiful example of how basic research can later generate inventions that benefit society. The unusual feature of this example is that it was the same people who developed the theory and practical applications. Laureates' ground-breaking research about auctions has yielded great benefits for buyers, sellers, and society as a whole.

Robert B. Wilson:

Robert B. Wilson (Robert B. Wilson) was born in 1937 in the city of Geneva, USA. and DBA from Harvard University, Cambridge, USA in the year 1963. (D.B.A.) degree. and is currently working as a Professor of Distinguished Management at Stanford University, USA, Emeritus. They were jointly awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences with US economist Paul R. Milgrom for "work in improving auction theory and inventions of new auction formats" for the year 2020 Economics. has been selected for the Nobel Prize.

This year's laureates, Paul Milgrom and Robert Wilson, study how auctions work. They have used their insights to design new auction formats for goods and services that are difficult to sell in the traditional way, such as radio frequencies. His discoveries have benefited sellers, buyers and taxpayers around the world.